Put a Cone Pack in Every Firing

It’s important to use witness cones in your firings so you can measure the heatwork that’s affecting your clay and glazes. Heatwork isn’t the same as temperature in that heatwork is the measurement of temperature over a duration of time. Temperature alone won’t tell you whether your pots are properly fired.

In order to understand the importance of witness cones, start with this article Temperature vs Heatwork – Why We Use Witness Cones. After reading that article, you may go out and purchase some witness cones and then wonder how to use them properly. That’s what this article is about.

Which Cones to Use in a Cone Pack

A cone pack is a set of 3 large pyrometric cones that are set into a small piece of clay so they can stand up on their own and can be visible through one of your kiln’s peep holes during the firing.

If you’re new to using pyrometric cones, aka “witness” cones, they can be purchased as “self-supporting” or regular “large” witness cones.

Small “kiln sitter” cones or pyrometric bars should not be made into a cone pack and used as witness cones. They are meant to go on the kiln sitter cone supports in a manual kiln and they’re only accurate when used for their intended purpose.

The self-supporting cones are a little more expensive, but they can just be placed on the kiln shelf without any prep beforehand. They don’t need to be made into a cone pack because they have the ability to stand up on their own.

So the only cones we’ll be using this method to make into a cone pack are the regular large witness cones.

If you buy regular large cones you need to prop them up so they are standing at a very specific angle in the kiln. You can buy pre-made cone holders to stand the cones up in, but I’ve always made cone packs by setting them into a lump of clay.

How Many Cones to Put in a Cone Pack

It’s considered best practice to put three witness cones into a cone pack. One cone for your target temperature, one cone below and one cone above.

In a cone 6 glaze firing, you would use cone 5, 6 and 7.

Cone 5 is the Guide Cone. It starts melting first. When cone 5 starts to bend, you know the firing is approaching its peak temperature and you can get ready for cone 6 to start bending.

Cone 6 is the Target Cone. This is the cone you want to be perfectly bent so the tip is pointing down. That’s when the firing is complete and you can shut the kiln off if it doesn’t shut off automatically.

Cone 7 is the Guard Cone. If you don’t happen to be watching your cones as they bend and your kiln over-fires, the guide cone will tell you if it is way over-fired or only slightly over-fired.

This photo shows a pamphlet from an old box of Orton cones

The Angle of the Cones

It’s important that you place your cones in the clay at a very specific upright angle so your readings are accurate. If they’re slanted too far forward or backwards, your reading will be off and inconsistent from firing to firing.

Diagram from an old box of Orton cones

You want the front face of the cone to be 8° forward from vertical. This is also the exact angle that the cone sits naturally when placed on a flat surface.

I like to hold a cone upright on my work surface as a guide so I can match the natural angle when placing the cones into the clay.

You can also place the cone on a flat surface to find the front face of the cone. The cone has 3 faces and when placed on a flat surface, it will naturally lean forward in one direction. This is the front face of the cone. You need to make sure the front faces are all facing forward, in the direction the cone is leaning slightly.

One of the side faces will have the cone number on it. All the numbered side faces should be pointing in the same direction when the cones are in the cone pack.

If you’re holding a cone upright and draw a circle clockwise around the cone, the order of the faces goes:

Numbered side > Front > Non-numbered side (older cones may be different)

Here’s a cone 6 cone pack (left-right – 4, 6, 7). Notice how all the cone numbers are on the same side.

A Note About Low Temp Cones

Low temperature cones are usually all the same colour – red – so you have to be very careful that you put them in the correct order in the cone pack.

Low temp cones are numbered with a 0 in front and the number after the 0 decreases as the temperature increases.

For example, cone 08 is a lower temp than cone 07. As temp increases, the cone numbers go down – 06, 05, 04, 03, 02, 01 and then they start at 1 and go up – 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 etc.

So cone 06 is a much lower temp than cone 6. Please don’t mix these up.

And then when making your low temperature cone pack, you have to remember that the higher numbered cone will melt first.

So in a cone 06 firing, I would use cones 07, 06 and 05. Cone 07 melts first and needs to be at the “front” of the line. Then 06, then 05.

In contrast, for a cone 6 firing, the cone 5 melts first, then cone 6, then cone 7.

If you put the cones in the wrong order so the low temp cones fall on top of the higher temp cones, you won’t get a good reading. I’ve done this before! Here’s how it looks after the firing. Not very accurate.

Left to right – 05, 06, 07. Cone 07 started melting first, on top of cone 06, which melted onto cone 05.

Another Angle to Consider

When I first learned to make cone packs in 2008, I made them so the front faces pointed in one direction, in line with the next cone in the pack. The first cone would melt and then the second cone would melt over top of the first cone and so on.

Here’s an example of a fired cone pack where the cones are all angled in a straight line. This placement can affect the precision of your fired cone pack, as the cones aren’t free to fall naturally when they land on top of each other.

Then, many years later, I learned that you can place the cones so the front face is on a slight angle and the cones fall diagonally and independently (not on top of the cone that melted before it).

Here’s an example of a fired cone pack where the cones are angled slightly and free to fall to their natural resting place. I do like this method better as it gives a more accurate reading, but I often forget to make them this way as I was making them the other way for several years.

If you put them on an angle like in my second example, make sure they’re still pointed mostly to the side so you can see the bend of the cone through the peephole of your kiln. If they’re angled too far to one side so they’re melting towards you or away from you, you won’t be able to see how melted they are during the firing.

I’m a huge proponent of checking your cone packs regularly during the firing to make sure your kiln starts cooling at precisely the right moment. We don’t want our clay and glazes to be over-fired or under-fired.

Steps for Making a Cone Pack

Here’s how I make cone packs. These photos show me making a cone 06 bisque firing cone pack, so I’m using cones 07, 06 and 05. The process is the same for a glaze firing cone pack. Make sure the clay you’re using for the cone pack is rated for your glaze firing temperature or higher, or the clay will melt.

Step 1: Roll a coil of clay about 3/4″ thick

Step 2: Start with the lowest temp cone. For low temp/bisque cones, the lowest temp cone has the highest # but with a 0 in front. In this case, the lowest temp cone is cone 07. Place the cone on a flat surface to see its natural angle. This is the angle you want the cone to lean in the cone pack.

Step 3: When putting cones into the coil, check to make sure they sit at the same angle as the cone’s natural angle on a flat surface

Step 4: Place higher temp cones behind low temp cones (left-right – 05, 06, 07). Make sure your lowest temp cone is leading when the cones are slanting forward. This cone will bend first. Higher temp cones will bend towards lower temp cones.

Step 5: Cut section off the coil and make another cone pack. Repeat until you run out of clay, cones or time. Always good to have lots of cone packs handy.

Step 6: I like to poke holes into the clay with a pin tool to allow even drying and prevent cracking as the clay shrinks around the cones. Be sure the cone pack is completely dry before firing or it’s likely to explode (I know this from personal experience!)

And there you have it. Be sure to put the cones in your kiln where you can see them through the peep and where they won’t melt onto your pots.

Make it a habit to put at least one cone pack into every single firing. They’ll help you troubleshoot any clay and glaze issues that come up and you never know when you’ll need them until it’s too late.

If you’ve never used witness cones before, put one cone pack on every shelf of your next firing. This will give you really good info for how accurately and evenly your kiln is firing. If your cones aren’t melting the way they should be, post a photo of them in my free Facebook group – Understanding Glazes with Sue and we can help you troubleshoot and improve your firings for the future.

Learn to Mix Glazes from Scratch

If you’ve never mixed a glaze from scratch before and want to learn, I teach an online workshop called Glaze Mixing Essentials where I show you all the steps to mix a glaze and then test a base glaze with multiple colourants. Click the link for all the details.

Join my free community

If you love learning about and discussing glazes, I'd like to invite you to my free social learning Facebook group called Understanding Glazes with Sue. The group is full of videos and discussions about firing, mixing glazes and fixing various glaze issues. Please join!

 

 

Free Guide to Repeatable Glaze Results